Tikkun Chatzot: The Midnight Lamentation

Tikkun Chatzot (Midnight Rectification) is a prayer service recited at midnight, mourning the destruction of the Temple and the exile of the Divine Presence (Shechinah). This practice is rooted in Kabbalistic tradition, based on the teaching that midnight is a time when God mourns for His children's suffering and is especially receptive to prayers. King David is said to have risen at midnight to sing to God.

Tikkun Chatzot is divided into two parts: Tikkun Rachel and Tikkun Leah. Tikkun Rachel is recited while sitting on the ground (as mourners do), focusing on lamentation for the exile and destruction. It includes Psalm 137 ('By the rivers of Babylon') and kinot (elegies). Tikkun Leah, recited after standing, focuses on hope and redemption. It includes Psalms of praise and longing for God's presence.

Tikkun Chatzot is recited at halachic midnight (chatzot), which is the midpoint between sunset and sunrise - not necessarily 12:00 AM. On nights before Shabbat or holidays, and during certain joyous periods, Tikkun Rachel is omitted and only Tikkun Leah is said, if at all. On Shabbat and most holidays, Tikkun Chatzot is not recited. The practice is most common among Sephardic and Kabbalistic communities.

According to Kabbalah, the exile affects not just the Jewish people but the spiritual worlds as well. The Shechinah (Divine Presence) is said to be in exile with Israel. At midnight, the supernal court convenes, and spiritual 'tikkunim' (repairs) are possible. By mourning and praying at this hour, one participates in repairing the cosmic damage caused by exile and hastening redemption.

Tikkun Chatzot is most commonly observed by those following Kabbalistic practices, particularly Sephardic Jews and Hasidim. The Arizal (Rabbi Isaac Luria) strongly encouraged this practice. While not obligatory for all Jews, it is considered a praiseworthy practice for those who can wake at midnight. Some recite it regularly, others only during the Three Weeks before Tisha B'Av.

During Tikkun Rachel, one sits on the ground or a low seat, as mourners do during shiva. Some place ashes on their forehead where the tefillin is worn, symbolizing mourning for Jerusalem. The prayers are recited in a mournful tone. Some kindle a small candle. The atmosphere is one of genuine grief for the destruction, combined with hope for rebuilding. One should approach this practice with solemnity and intention.